Catalogue description Papers relating to John Eliot Howard, Quinologist

This series contains papers relating to John Eliot Howard, quinologist.

The Collection comprises three groups of records:
The first (JEH/1/1-JEH/1/48) contains handwritten correspondence and papers between 1836 and 1884.
The second (JEH/2/1-JEH/2/21) contains press cuttings, reports and other publications from between 1856 to 1951.
The third (JEH/3/1-JEH/3/5) contains illustrations, photographs, botanical bookplates and glass negatives from the 19th Century.

The bulk of material is correspondence to Howard regarding Cinchona, mainly in the form of scientific discussion and research, collection and donation of specimens, and scientific and commercial exploration. It dates from the early to late 19th century. The correspondence is international. It includes some documents relating to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and it's museum collections (For example, correspondence from Joseph Ince and Daniel Hanbury, and formal acknowledgements for specimens donated by Howard to the Society's Museum). There is also printed material, ranging from newspaper cuttings, journal and periodical articles to East India Company reports and printed records.

This archive includes correspondence with Charles Ledger, Clements Markham, G M McIvor, John Broughton and others, letters to Howard from the Directors of Kew Gardens: Thistleton Dyer and Joseph Hooker.

This archive contains important information about the international network of botanists and commercial explorers in the field. It contains particularly strong information on the growing of Cinchona in India.

NOTE: Please use the document references found in the 'Former reference (Department)' field when wishing to consult these documents at the Archives of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

This material has been re-boxed, but original box grouping has been retained where possible. In particular, JEH/1/35-JEH/1/45 were originally filed alphabetically, this order has been preserved.

Note: JEH/1/35 (originally filed under 'A') not only contains correspondents and subjects beginning with the letter 'A', but also unsorted, loose material which was in the original box.

The Economic Botany section at the RBG holds seeds of Cinchona which belonged to Howard. The London Metropolitan Archive (LMA) has other papers relating to the Howard family and business. The National Portrait Gallery has on display a framed photograph (NPG P784) of John Howard sitting with his father, Luke Howard (1772-1864, a meteorologist).

John Eliot Howard, (1807-1883)

Access conditions: Open unless otherwise stated

Restrictions on use: This collection is subject to the standard access and reproduction conditions of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Access is unrestricted and by appointment but will be subject to the conditions of the Data Protection Act. Reproduction information is available on request.

Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. On 18 April 2002, the Archive was deposited by Janet Foster, an archival consultant, in the Archive of Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The accession number is PrP 02-0003. In September 2006 the material was fully catalogued for the first time. Kew Archive (RBG) holds ownership and management of the collection.

Custodial history: In 1996, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) began sorting its archival holdings with the assistance of an archives consultant. Late in 1999, the museum staff found six box files of mostly manuscript material in an office cupboard that had not been viewed as part of this archive work. The files contain a significant amount of material, much manuscript, mostly relating to John Eliot Howard (1807-1883). Some items were added in 1884, after Howard's death, and some publications were added by the RPSGB up to 1951. None of the material was catalogued by the RPSGB, although a basic handlist was provided.

John Eliot Howard (1807-1883), quinologist, was born on 11 December 1807 at Plaistow, Essex, the youngest of three children of Luke Howard (1772-1864), meteorologist and chemist, and his wife, Mariabella, née Eliot (1769-1852). Both parents were members of the Society of Friends. With the exception of two years at Josiah Forster's school, Howard was educated at home. Apprenticed to his father's chemical business at Stratford in 1823, he was made a partner of the firm in 1828. In 1830 he married Maria (1807-1892), daughter of William D Crewdson of Kendal. The couple moved into a substantial house in Tottenham, Middlesex, where they had five daughters and four sons.

As early as 1827 Howard showed interest in what would prove to be his life's work: the extraction of the anti-malaria drug quinine from the bark of the cinchona (cinchonaceae) genus of South American tree. His first paper, a report on the collection of cinchona in the British Museum made by the Spanish botanist José Pavón (1754-1840), was published in 1852. In the following year Howard joined the Pharmaceutical Society, and in 1857 the Linnean Society. In 1858 he purchased Pavón's manuscript 'Nueva Quinologia' and his specimens of cinchona. Howard employed a botanical artist and published the well-received Illustrations of the 'Nueva Quinologia' of Pavon and Observations on the Barks Described in 1862. Howard's second major work, The Quinology of the East Indian Plantations (1869-76), was the result of his examination of the bark of all the forms of cinchona introduced into India from the Andes by Clements Markham, Richard Spruce, and Robert Mackenzie Cross. For this Howard received the thanks of Her Majesty's Government in 1873. In 1874 his citation for election as a fellow of the Royal Society recognised the importance of his work.

Howard took considerable interest in gardening, and especially in hybridization as bearing upon cultivated cinchonas, and he was the author of numerous scientific papers, chiefly on quinine. He also gave addresses on both science and revelation at the Victoria Institute, of which he was a vice-president. Howard and his wife were both deeply religious and had been raised as Quakers. In 1836 they resigned from the Society of Friends and became Baptists. Howard published several religious tracts and was instrumental in establishing the Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham. He died at his house, Lord's Meade, Tottenham, on 22 November 1883, and was buried in Tottenham cemetery. The genus Howardia of the Cinchonaceae was posthumously dedicated to him.