Catalogue description Papers of Henry Nicholas Ridley, Director of Gardens and Forests, Straits Settlements

The collection comprises six groups of records: the first consists of photographs and illustrations; the second contains correspondence; the third is comprised of notebooks; the fourth consists of botanical and zoological papers; the fifth consists of expedition papers and notes; and the sixth consists of non-botanical and zoological papers.

NOTE: Please use the document references found in the 'Former reference (Department)' field when wishing to consult these documents at the Archives of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other related material and correspondence is also available in seperate collections held by RBG Kew.

Separated material: The Natural History Museum. Notes on the collections of Franz Colestin Beroldingen, M Connolly, I Durazzo, the Geological Society of London, T Hohmann, T Nuttall, N Story- Maskelyne, H N Ridley, Mrs R A Rye and J Williams, by J M Sweet, W Campbell Smith, Sir Arthur Russell and others. Henry Nicholas, Ridley, one letter from Singapore, 20 Dec 1902. Henry Nicholas Ridley, Bracken Seedlings in London.

Henry Nicholas Ridley, (1855-1956)

Access conditions: Open

Custodial history: The collection was bequeathed to the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew by Mrs H N Ridley in 1958.

Copies information: Selected items have been microfilmed HNR/3/1/1- HNR/3/1/2, HNR/4/12 , HNR/4/5, HNR/4/4 , HNR/5/2 , HNR/5/1 , HNR/5/4, HNR/5/5, HNR/1/4 , HNR/1/1 , HNR/2/1/1-HNR/2/1/7, HNR/6/8 and HN/3/3/1-HNR/3/3/3

Henry Nicholas Ridley was born in 1855. His first major interest was in genealogy and he was fascinated by his family's past. However, whilst at school at Haileybury in Hertfordshire his interests started to broaden and he became fascinated by nature, specifically birds and insects, he wrote his first published paper on the topic whilst at school. On leaving Haileybury Ridley read Natural Sciences at Exeter College, Oxford where he obtained a second class honours degree. Having completed Oxford, Ridley wished to become a tropical zoologist and he tried but failed to obtain a post (most notably at the British Museum). He then applied for a botany position at the British Museum and was successful, despite botany being a minor interest to him. At the Museum Ridley worked under Carruthers on Monocotyledons. Under his tutelage from 1883 onwards Ridley published widely on Monocotyledons, Orchdaceae and British plants and insects. His first (documented) foreign trip was to the Island of Fernando de Noronha, about which he published papers on; its geology; its botany; and its status as a convict island.

In 1888, having gained a wide knowledge of botany, Ridley was appointed as Director of Gardens and Forests for the Straits Settlements. His post was based in Singapore but also incorporated Malay. From this point onwards Ridley's life was a hive of activity for example, in 1906 he published thirty-eight papers. He published constantly on the Straits region; he was a good Director who completed all his tasks with zeal; travelled as much as possible sending back specimens to build an impressive herbarium in Singapore and contributing to the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and he brought back live samples to Singapore to be studied and cultivated. He became especially interested in economic botany, collecting data and writing about indigenous plants with a commercial value such as rattan. Yet, Ridley also still maintained his interested in zoological science; he had a large insect collection; he studied relations between plants and animals indeed he actively cared for animals living in the Botanical Gardens, Singapore. Despite these numerous achievements Ridley is best remembered for his involvement in the development of Malaysian rubber or Hevea brasiliensis.

Sir Joseph Hooker (Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1865-1885) had encouraged the exchange of plants between colonies and he suggested to Ridley in 1888 that he stop at Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) to study rubber plants. Ridley was so enthused by what he found that on arrival in Singapore he established a plantation of rubber trees and started experiments. He concentrated on making sure that the latex yield outweighed the cost of planting and maintaining the trees. Others were slow to realise the potential benefits but despite this Ridley continued to develop his plantation and so by the time others started plantations he was an expert. The first economic plantation was in Malacca in 1896 using seeds provided by Ridley. Others soon followed and the resultant boom was largely due to Ridley's seeds and advice. When he retired in 1912 the planters of Malaysia awarded him $800 in acknowledgement but despite spawning the industry Ridley received nothing else.

Another great interest of Ridley's was psychic phenomena; he founded the Singapore Philosophical Society and edited its journal. He also founded the Society for Physical Research. He was known to be a kind man, who offered assistance to his staffs' families.

Ridley achieved much but it is for rubber and as the man who man made others rich that he is mainly remembered in his obituaries. Professional bodies recognised his contribution to botany; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907; granted a CMG by the Government of the Straits Settlements in 1911. In addition, the Botanical Magazine was dedicated to Ridley in 1906 in acknowledgement of the many live plants he sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ridley died at age 101 in 1956, at his home in Kew village, London having lost his sight from an earlier illness and having been confined to the house for four years.