Topographical, geological, reconnaissance and operations (trench) maps of Persia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Arabia, Palestine, Sinai, Egypt, Sudan and Libya: the series includes coverage of an area from Syria to Cyrenaica, with detailed mapping of the Western Desert and even larger-scale coverage of the Suez Canal defence zone. The series comprises maps compiled and/or produced by the Geographical Section General Staff and other intelligence branches at the War Office; Royal Engineer Survey Companies attached to the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces, a survey party of Middle East Forces (1919), the Ordnance Survey; Stanford's Geographical Establishment, the Royal Geographical Society, the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), the Survey of Egypt, and a few French, Turkish, Turco-French (including Ottoman Railway Company) and German maps. The Palestine Exploration Fund series, begun in the 19th century, had been extended in 1913 and was much reproduced and further extended southwards and eastwards across the Jordan to meet the needs of Allenby's rapid advances. The PEF items include a table of topographical terms used in English and Arabic (WO 303/223). Some maps are noted as compiled from photographs supplied by the Royal Flying Corps.